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Action potential is a phenomenon in which the membrane voltage of a cell increases but then decreases. It is a signature characteristic that is present in a wide variety of cell types in animals, such as neurons, muscle cells and the endocrine cells. Certain plant cells also produce them. Neurons play a crucial function in cell-to-cell communication. In the beta pancreas cells the action potential is associated with production of insulin. Plasma membranes feature a unique type of voltage-gated ion channels for producing action potential. These channels are shut while the membrane's current potential close to that of the cell , but if the membrane potential increases then the channels become active. When the channels are inactive, they permit an inward flow of sodium ions that boost that membrane's capacity. The rapid inward flow of sodium ions alters the polarity of the membrane and , consequently, they cease to function. The potassium channels then become activated , and the flow outward potassium ions . Upon this, the membrane is returned to its resting state. A transient negative shift referred to as refractory duration prevents the reverse traveling of the action voltage. In the animal cell, generally two kinds of these potentials can be identified, for instance, one of which is from voltage-gated potassium channels, the other can be produced by voltage-gated calcium channels.

Nearly all cells show the voltage of their interior and exterior environment. The voltage of a cell is measured in millivolts (mV). The typical voltage for an animal cell is -70mV. Most cells have tiny voltage fluctuations are observed to be present, however in some cells this is a usual feature. Cells can show periodic up and down oscillations as the voltage increases and declines. The duration of these potentials can be varied over a broad spectrum. In brain cells the down and up process of action possible are completed in less than thousandth of a second, whereas in other types of cells , sequences can take as long as a couple of seconds. The electrical property of a cell in the animal kingdom depends on the membrane structure. Cell membrane is comprised of an outer layer of lipids as well as proteins. The lipid layer functions as an insulator.

All animal cells are electrically polarized as they maintain the difference in voltage called membrane potential. In case of neurons, , dendrites and the cell body all have different electrical properties. The most active part of a neuron is the axon hillock, however the axon as well as the cell body too can be stimulated. At the axon hillock the remaining potential is -70mV and the threshold voltage is -55 mV. Synaptic messages to the brain result in depolarization which causes membrane potential to increase or fall. An action potential is created once enough depolarization develops until the membrane potential crosses an upper limit.

The action potential results that voltage-gated ion channels within the plasma membranes of cells. A voltage-gated Ion Channel is actually a group composed of proteins that remain within the plasma membrane. They produce an action potential in order to trigger an positive feedback loop. Membrane potential is accountable for controlling the state of ion channels. The action potential is created whenever the positive feedback is carried out at full force. The frequency and duration are controlled by the bio-physical characteristics associated with the voltage-gated ion channel. Different types of ion channels are recognized that create positive feedback and create these potentials. Voltage-gated sodium channel are involved with the creation of higher potentials similar to those generated by nerve impulse. They are slower than those that occur in muscle cells are mediated by the calcium Ion channels.The most intensively studied voltage-gated Ion channels are the sodium ion channels involved in faster nerve impulse communication.

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