Bolt Action Pen Kit

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Action potential is an event in which the membrane voltage of a cell initially increases then decreases. It is a characteristic feature of many animal cells , namely muscles, neurons and cell types that are endocrine. Plant cells also produce them. Neurons play a vital function in cell-to-cell communication. In the beta pancreas cells the action potential is associated with production of insulin. Plasma membranes have a specific type of voltage-gated channels for creating action potential. The channels are closed as long as the potential of the membrane is near the resting potential of cells, however if the membrane potential increases then the channels will become active. When the channels are inactive, they permit the inward flow of sodium ions that increase the potential of membranes. The swift inward flow of sodium ions alters the polarity of the membrane and they are inactive. The potassium channels then become activated , and the flow outward of potassium ions . In the process, the membrane returns back to its original position. The transient negative change known as the refractory phase prevents the return traveling of the action voltage. In animal cells , typically two types of these potentials exist, in existence, one which is triggered because of voltage-gated sodium channels, and the second one that can be produced by calcium channels that are voltage-gated.

The majority of cells have some degree of voltage variation between their outside and indoor environment. The voltage of the cell is measured in milli volts (mV). The typical voltage for an animal cell is -70 mV. In majority of cells very tiny voltage fluctuations are observed to take place, but in certain cells this is a typical characteristic. Some cells also show the cycle of up and down as the voltage changes. The duration of these potentials can be varied over a broad spectrum. In brain cells the down and up cycles of action potentials are completed in a fraction of a millisecond of a second. However, in other cell types, the cycle may last for several seconds. The electrical capacity of an animal cell is dependent on its membrane structure. Cell membranes are composed of an outer layer of lipids as well as proteins. The lipid layer functions as an insulator.

Animal cells are all electro-polarized. They keep the voltage differential known as membrane potential. In case of dendrites, neurons, axons and cell bodies have different electrical properties. The most excitable part of neuron is called the axon hillock. However, axons and cells body are also excited. In the axon hillock, the resting potential is -70 mV and the threshold potential is -55 millivolts. Synaptic inputs to the neuron lead to depolarization. This causes the membrane potential to increase or decrease. An action potential is created once enough depolarization is accumulated and the membrane potential exceeds the threshold.

Action potential is the outcome from the voltage-gated channels that are found in the plasma membrane of a cell. A voltage-gated ion canal is actually a cluster of proteins that remain embedded in the plasma membrane. This produces action potential as it may give rise to the positive feedback loop. Membrane current is responsible controlling the level of Ion channels. Action potential is generated in the event that the positive feedback process is carried out at full force. Its duration and amplitude are controlled by the bio-physical characteristics of the ion-channels that are voltage-gated. Many kinds of ionchannels have been identified which generate positive feedback cycles , which eventually lead to the generation of these potentials. The sodium channels that are voltage-gated participate in the production of high-speed possibles that resemble those produced by nerve impulse. These are the ones that are slower, similar to those found in muscle cells are controlled by the calcium ion channels.The most researched voltage-gated Ion channels are sodium ion channels that are involved in faster nerve impulse conduction.

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