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Action potential is an event in which the membrane voltage of a cell initially increases then decreases. It is a common characteristic for a range of animals, including muscle cells, neuron cells, and cell types that are endocrine. Plant cells can also produce them. Neurons play an important role in cell-tocell communications. Pancreas beta cells have beta cells. action potentials are associated with production of insulin. Plasma membranes comprise a particular kind of ion channels with voltage-gated voltages for creating action potential. The channels remain closed at times when membrane potential is within what is the limit of the cell . However when the membrane's voltage increases it opens the channels. When the channels open they allow the flow of sodium ions. This can increase that membrane's capacity. The rapid flow of sodium ions alters the polarity of the membrane and , consequently, they are inactive. The potassium channels after that are activated , and you can see an outward movement potassium ions . The result is that the membrane returns to its resting state. The transient negative change known as refractory time prevents the back movement of the action potential. In animal cells typically two types of these potentials exist, recognized, for instance, one which is produced via voltage-gated channels and the second that is produced due to calcium channels that are voltage-gated.

In most cells, there is in a voltage differential between their interior and exterior environment. The voltage of a cell is measured in millivolts (mV). The typical voltage of an animal cell is around -70 mV. In the majority of cells small voltage fluctuations are reported to take place, but in certain cells this is a usual characteristic. Certain cells may also exhibit oscillations between up and down when the voltage goes up and down. The duration of these voltages differ across a broad range. In brain cells the down and up cycle of action potential are accomplished in less than one thousandth of a second while in other cell types, the cycles may take several seconds. The electrical capacity of an animal cell is dependent upon the membrane structure. Cell membranes are composed of two layers of lipids and proteins. The lipid layer serves as an insulation.

All animal cells are electrically polarized since they have the voltage differential called membrane potential. In case of dendrites, neurons, axons and the cell body possess different electrical properties. The most excitable component of neuron is the axon hillock. However, the axon, dendrites, and cell body can also be excited. At the axon , the resting current is around 70 mV and the threshold potential is -55 MV. Synaptic signals to the neuron induce depolarization and cause the membrane potential to rise or decrease. Action potential is produced when sufficient depolarization takes place and that membrane potential reaches a threshold value.

Action potential is the outcome from the voltage-gated channels present in the plasma membranes of cells. A voltage-gated ion canal is in fact a collection of proteins , which are encased in plasma membranes and generates action potential because it can generate a positive feedback loop. Membrane power is responsible for controlling the level of these channels. Action potential is generated when the feedback cycle takes place at full intensity. The frequency and duration are controlled by the bio-physical characteristics of the ion-channels that are voltage-gated. Numerous types of ion-channels are known to produce positive feedback loops and eventually result in the production of these potentials. The sodium channels that are voltage-gated participate in the generation of larger potentials that mimic those of nerve impulses. They are slower than those that occur by muscle cells are mediated by calcium Ion channels.The ones that have been the most extensively studied voltage -gated Ion channels are the sodium ion channels participating in higher speed nerve impulse transmission.

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