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A process called an action potential happens where the potential for the membrane for a specific cell initially increases then decreases. It is a typical characteristic of a variety of animals, including neurons, muscle cells and cell types that are endocrine. Plant cells can also produce these. Neurons play a very crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. In pancreas beta cells, action potential is connected with that release of insulin. Plasma membrane has special type in voltage-gated, ion-channels that are used for creating action potential. They remain closed at times when membrane potential is near an equilibrium potential for the cell , but when the membrane potential rises then the channels open. When they are opened, they let inward flow sodium ions. This can increase their membrane voltage. The rapid flow of sodium ions changes the polarity of the membrane and consequently they are inactive. The potassium channels after that are activated and the flow outward of the potassium ions . In the process, the membrane is returned in its normal state. A transient positive shift known as refractory duration prevents the reverse moving of the action-potential. In animal cells , typically two kinds of these voltages are understood, one of which is due to the voltage-gated sodium channels, and one that occurs due to calcium channels that are voltage-gated.

A majority of cells experience a voltage difference between their external and internal environments. The voltage of the cell is measured in millivolts (mV). The typical voltage for an animal cell is -70mV. In the majority of cells low voltage variations are thought to occur , however in certain cells, this is a standard feature. Some cells exhibit periodic up and down oscillations as the voltage drops and increases. The duration of these voltages vary over a wide range. In brain cells the down and up cycle of the action potential is executed in less then a thousandth of a second. In other types of cells , cycles can take up to a few seconds. The electrical function of a cell in the animal kingdom is dependent on its membrane structure. Cell membranes are composed of layers of lipids, and proteins. The lipid layer acts as an insulator.

Animal cells are all electrically polarized , as they sustain an electric charge that is called membrane potential. For cells, neurons and axons, dendrites as well as the cell body have various electrical properties. The most exuberant part of a neuron is the axon hillock, however, axons as well as cells body are also excited. In the axon hillock, the resting potential is -70mV and the threshold potential is at -55 MV. Synaptic messages to the brain induce depolarization and cause the membrane potential to rise or decrease. Action potentials are produced when sufficient depolarization takes place and the membrane current reaches the threshold.

Action potential is the outcome of the work of voltage-gated Ion channels located in the plasma membrane of a cell. The voltage-gated ion channel actually a group consisting of proteins that stay inside the plasma membrane. These proteins produce motion potential because it can give rise to the positive feedback loop. Membrane voltage is responsible for control of the activity of these channels. The action potential is created by the positive feedback cycle that takes place at full intensity. The frequency and duration are determined by the biophysical properties of the ion channels that are voltage-gated. Ion channels of various types are identified that generate positive feedback mechanisms and result in the production of these potentials. Voltage-gated sodium channels are involved in the generation of stronger potentials similar to those generated by nerve impulse. Slower ones , like those made by muscles are controlled by the calcium ion channels.The most thoroughly studied voltage-gated Ion channels are the sodium ion channel that participate in more rapid nerve impulse conduction.

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