Racing Action Platinum Series Collectables

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Action potential refers to an event in which the potential of the membrane in a cell is first increased and then decreases. It is a characteristic feature of a variety of animal cells namely, muscles cells, nerve cells, and cell types that are endocrine. Some plant cells also make these. Neurons play a significant role in cell-to-cell communication. In the beta cells of the pancreas, action potentials are associated with an insulin release. Plasma membranes have a specific type of voltage-gated channels for producing action potential. These channels remain closed once the membrane's voltage is near the potential at rest of cells, however when the membrane potential rises and the channels begin to open, they become active. When the channels become active, they permit an inward flow of sodium ions that boost the cell's membrane potency. The rapid flow inward of sodium ions affects the membrane's polarity and consequently they disappear. In the following, potassium channels become activated and it is a flow potassium ions . As a result, the membrane is returned to its neutral state. A temporary negative shift, known as refractory interval prevents further travel of the action potential. In animal cells , two types of potentials are known for example, one which is triggered due to voltage-gated sodium channels, while the other can be produced by calcium channels that are voltage-gated.

The majority of cells exhibit a voltage difference between their external and internal environments. The cell's voltage is measured in milli volts (mV). The typical voltage for an animal cell is around -70 mV. In most cells, low voltage variations are thought to occur but in some cells this is an expected feature. Some cells also display variations in the voltage, as the voltage changes. The time between these potentials can vary widely. In brain cells the up and down cycle of action potential are completed in less that a thousandth of a second, whereas in other cell types, the cycles may take several seconds. The electrical power of a cell in the animal kingdom is dependent on the membrane structure. Cell membranes are composed of the lipid layer as well as proteins. The lipid layer acts as an insulator.

All animal cells are electrically polarized as they maintain a voltage difference called membrane potential. For neurons, dendrites, axons and cell bodies have different electrical characteristics. Most excitable portion of an individual neuron is the hillock, however, axons as well as cells body also become excited. At the axon hillock the remaining potential is -70mV and the threshold is at -55 mgV. The synaptic inputs to the neurons trigger depolarization which causes the membrane potential to increase or fall. The action potential is generated when enough depolarization has occurred and the membrane potential crosses an upper limit.

Action potential is the outcome of the work of voltage-gated Ion channels within the plasma membrane of a cell. A voltage-gated ion canal is in fact a collection of proteins that remain embedded in plasma membrane and produces action potential because it can trigger the positive feedback loop. Membrane Potential is responsible for controlling the state of Ion channels. Action potential is generated when the feedback cycle takes place at full intensity. The time and amplitude of the action are controlled by the bio-physical characteristics associated with the voltage-gated ion channel. Several types of ion channels are known to produce positive feedback cycles , which eventually lead to the generation of these potentials. Voltage-gated sodium channels play a role in the generation of higher-frequency possibles that resemble those produced by nerve impulse. Slower ones , like those made in the muscles cells are controlled by calcium ion channels.The most intensively studied voltage-gated ion channels are the sodium ion channels that are involved in quicker nerve impulse conduction.

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